The New Pay As You Earn Program for Student Loans

This is a guest post by?Amanda L. Grossman, a personal finance writer and the creator of?FrugalConfessions.com.?In this post, we asked her to help explain the new Pay As You Earn Program recently launched by the Obama administration.

I remember having a financial discussion with my uncle one day over lunch. In that conversation he told me that he paid the last of his student loans off at the ripe age of 28. He had never opened up much about his financial past, though I knew he had been a writer/cartoonist/online entrepreneur since college and that sometimes he struggled to make ends meet. Still, I remember looking oddly at him from my 21-year old face because I was wondering how on earth it was that someone could hang onto their student loans until their late twenties.

Several years later, I got the opportunity to answer my own question.

I graduated from a four-year liberal arts college in 2005. Along with a diploma, great contacts, and an amazing education, I left with around $36,000 in debt. Considering the fact that tuition, room, and board at my college was $32,000 per year, I knew that I had come away with a bargain. But this did not ease the knot in my gut that had formed during my financial aid exit interview.

So how old was I when I paid off the last of my student loans? Two months shy of my 28^th birthday, just like my uncle!

I was fortunate in that I had a steady job for most of the time between graduating college and paying off the last of my loans. But even with steady employment and a low cost of living, it took me a solid five years to do so. This made me wonder: how do people afford to repay higher college loan debts than my own if they are struggling to find a job or if their level of income doesn?t match their loan payments?

A recently launched program called the Pay As You Earn (PAYE) program provides hope to some student loan borrowers who are facing financial hardship. Below, I?ll explain how this program works and who is eligible for it:

How Does the Pay As You Earn Program Work?

At its heart, the Pay As You Earn Program is intended to be a life-preserver for those who are facing difficult financial circumstances and who therefore are having a hard time paying off their student loan(s). The program allows you to pay only a percentage of your monthly income rather than the usual minimum monthly payment.

It?s true that paying federal student loans as a percentage of income earned is not a new concept ? the Income-Based Repayment Plan (IBR) and the Income-Contingent Repayment Plan (ICR) are two long-standing similar programs.

However, the Pay As You Earn Program offers more leeway on federal student loan repayments than either of these two existing plans. In an attempt to allow some breathing room, the Pay As You Earn Program gives the chance to repay loans made under the Direct Loan Program based on ability. A person?s ?ability? to pay is based on their adjusted gross income (AGI) and family size.

The formula that the government uses to determine the monthly payment expected under this program is?10% of the difference between your AGI and 150% of the Poverty Guideline for your family size. If, based on your circumstances, loan amount, and interest rate, your calculated monthly payment does not cover the interest accrued, then the government will pay your unpaid accrued interest on subsidized loans for up to three consecutive years from the date repayment begins.

Also, any remaining student loan balances after 20 years of qualifying payments will be forgiven.

Who Is Eligible for the Pay As You Earn Program?

Your eligibility depends on whether or not you have loans under the Federal Direct Loan Program, whether or not you are considered a ?new borrower? (for the purposes of this program, a ?new borrower? is defined as someone who both did not owe any money on any federal student loans as of October 1, 2007, and also received a disbursement of a Direct Loan on or after October 1, 2011), and being able to demonstrate partial financial hardship.

You have a partial financial hardship if the monthly amount you would be required to pay on your eligible federal student loans under a 10-year?Standard Repayment Plan?is higher than the monthly amount you would be required to repay under Pay As You Earn.

But how do you know if you have a financial hardship? Well, if the amount you?d be paying with a?Standard Repayment Plan?is higher than what you?d be required to pay under Pay As You Earn, then you would be eligible. So yes, it all comes down to calculations.

Financial Considerations to Make

There are some very attractive aspects of this program. First and foremost, the program will allow some student loan borrowers to make ends meet by reducing their monthly payment. Other than that, ones that, attractive aspects that jump out to me specifically are: the ability to potentially have the government subsidize interest after graduating college, that fact that capitalization of interest is limited to 10 percent of the original balance, and that your loans will be forgiven after 20 years of payments (which will reduce the number of people having to?pay off student loans off in retirement).

Smaller monthly payments also mean that your cash flow will increase. However, there are things you should consider before applying for this program:

• Any of the debt forgiven in an income-based repayment program, including Pay As You Earn, is taxable as income.
• The principle of the loan is not forgiven before 20 years, and so by making lower monthly payments you are prolonging the repayment of the loan. This means that the amount of interest paid will be substantially higher over the life of a 20-year loan than over the life of a 10-year loan (the standard repayment period). Student loan interest may be deductible; however, the deduction will not make up for the amount of extra interest you will be paying over the extended period of time.
• You must file new documentation of earnings and family size every year. This means your monthly payment could change, and you could even lose eligibility depending on natural income changes over the progression of a career (a lot can happen in 20 years!).
• Your other student loans will be on their own repayment plan, as they are not part of this program. So you could be looking at several payments to make each month.
• Your account must be in good standing in order to qualify for this program. In other words, if you have already defaulted, this may not be the option for you.

How to Apply for the Pay As You Earn Program

If you wish to apply for the Pay As You Earn Program, first get in touch with your loan servicer as they can answer any questions that you may have as well as help you to figure out if this is a good solution for you.

If you then want to apply, you will need to complete the electronic?Income-Based (IBR)/Pay As You Earn/Income-Contingent (ICR) Repayment Plan Request. You will need a PIN, a copy of last year?s tax returns (fill out IRS Form 4506-T to request a transcript), and any other documents your lender may request.

Good luck, and let us know in the comments below if you have any questions!

Image credit: andresr

This post was published by Ben, Writer and Content Strategist for ReadyForZero. ReadyForZero is a company that helps people get out of debt on their own with a simple and free online tool that can automate and track your debt paydown.

? Get ReadyForZero

Source: http://blog.readyforzero.com/pay-as-you-earn/

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The Shack Restaurant & Bar | Inside Sevierville

Posted by bingram in Restaurants | 0 comments

So you just pulled off Interstate 40 heading to the Smokies but you?re starved and the big game?s about to start. What to do? Just a mile or so down the road on the left is The Shack Restaurant & Bar, located in the Food City Shopping center, is a great place to stop, watch game with friends and family, and have great meal all at the same time.

It?s a sports grill dedicated to food and fun, open Tuesday ? Sunday from 3 pm till close, and just a few doors down from Food City.

So what the menu? Starting off you can?t go anywhere without glancing over the large selection of appetizers. From cheese sticks to nachos to chicken wings and fried green tomatoes, fried mushrooms, and fried pickles, there is something for everyone with an appetite at The Shack.

The Shack offers a full bar of adult beverages, beer, and wine as you move on down the menu. Some of the best sandwiches this side of the Smokies can be found at The Shack from gyros to fried fish, BLTs, barbequed pork, and The Shack?s own version of the popular monte cristo, sandwiches are literally falling off the menu. Philly Cheese Steaks, your choice of hamburgers, and hot dogs are also highlighted on the menu before making it to wraps and all the delicious entrees.

Speaking of entrees, chicken Parmesan, steak & shrimp, and fish & chips are just a few of the oh so scrumptious main courses offered at The Shack. Sit back, relax, enjoy your favorite drink and let your problems fade away next time you visit The Shack in Kodak, Tn. It?s a stop your stomach will thank you for.

The Shack
2946 Winfield Dunn Pkwy??
Kodak, TN 37764
(865) 465-3030

Source: http://www.insidesevierville.com/restaurants-in-sevierville/the-shack-restaurant-bar/

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SUBWAY? Restaurants And Young & Successful ... - Franchising.com

People from All Over the Globe Playing for the Opportunity to Be Part of One of the Most Successful Brands in the World!

MILFORD, Conn. - Feb. 26, 2013 // PRNewswire // - The Build Your Own Virtual SUBWAY? Challenge, a business simulation game that enables players to learn about business and compete globally, has been extended through March 31, 2013. A result of a partnership between the SUBWAY? restaurant chain and Young & Successful Media, the Build Your Own Virtual SUBWAY? Challenge was created as a way to inspire young, would-be entrepreneurs from around the world and will provide the top winners with potential job, career and networking opportunities within the SUBWAY? chain. The challenge also teaches young people about the business of franchising.

The Subway Global Challenge is also the first 100-plus country online competition. Anyone can register for the Build Your Own Virtual SUBWAY? Challenge at: http://www.ysn.com/subway .

"This important initiative is a great example of how Subway and Young & Successful Media are taking a proactive leadership role in bringing the next generation of entrepreneurs into the world of franchising," said Steve Caldeira , President and CEO of the International Franchise Association, which supports the project. "The Subway Global Challenge is a fun concept that complements our mission to promote and enhance the franchising industry."

The Build Your Own Virtual SUBWAY? Challenge coincides with the release of an educational documentary, "SUBWAY? Restaurants: How a 17-year-old Built the #1 Restaurant Chain in the World through Franchising" by Young & Successful Media. The SUBWAY? story, which started at a backyard picnic in 1965 when Dr. Peter Buck gave 17-year-old Fred DeLuca a check for $1,000 to open a submarine sandwich shop, is being shared with students through 10,000 business and entrepreneurship professors located at colleges and universities in 100 countries throughout the world as well as through a very active social media campaign reaching across Facebook http://facebook.com/SubwayGlobalChallenge and Twitter. To see a preview of the documentary, please go to http://bit.ly/SubwayStory .

The SUBWAY? brand has a history of attracting young entrepreneurs with diverse backgrounds, many of whom have started as Sandwich Artists? or managers and become franchisees at a very early age, even multi-unit owners in an increasing number of cases.

"The Subway Franchisee has been part of my life ever since I was 12 years old," said Bob Grewal , multi-unit franchise owner and SUBWAY? development agent from Southern California. "I can remember my parents working hard in their first store and as a kid I would help do small tasks. It wasn't until later in life, 12 years later, where I would get the opportunity to own my own franchise. I wanted to work for myself and control my financial future. Subway gave me the ability to become successful at my own pace. I love to wake up every morning and go to work, but honestly I don't even consider it work. Each day is filled with new challenges and I love to see our guests smile. It's been about 24 years since I stepped into our first store, and I never looked back."

The five top winners will win a VIP, all-expense paid trip to visit the SUBWAY? chain's world headquarters, meet with SUBWAY? co-founder and President Fred DeLuca and the senior management team and attend a special training session. From there, they'll visit New York City and Washington DC.

Fred DeLuca , Co-Founder and President of the SUBWAY? chain, said he was looking forward to meeting the top winners of the Challenge. Jennifer Kushell , Founder and President of Young & Successful Media and author of the New York Times best-seller, Secrets of the Young & Successful, said she was particularly excited to be involved in the Challenge because it is all about providing opportunities ? not just winning prizes.

100 semi- finalists, one from each country where SUBWAY? restaurants are located, along with the 5 winners, will be promoted to the global management team for the brand as high potential talent. The SUBWAY? management team is committed to working with the top performers from the online challenge and to introduce them to opportunities to be part of the global team. Possible opportunities for qualified individuals could range from supporting restaurants, working with a regional development team to help grow the brand, joining the corporate management team, working with multi-unit franchisees, store level employment or even get the chance to own a SUBWAY? franchise.

As part of the online Virtual Build Your Own SUBWAY? Challenge, players will set up their own store, choose their location, learn the business, answer quiz questions, and drive traffic to their restaurant via social media, as part of a series of six challenges. Participants gain points as customers visit their virtual restaurants, as they articulate their vision for their virtual store by creating a promotional video to pitch themselves and their restaurant and test their knowledge about the brand. The winners will be notified from April 15 through April 19.

About SUBWAY? Restaurants

Headquartered in Milford, Connecticut, and with regional offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Brisbane, Miami and Singapore, the SUBWAY? brand was co-founded by Fred DeLuca and Dr. Peter Buck in 1965. Their partnership, which continues today, marked the beginning of a remarkable journey ? one that has made it possible for thousands of individuals to build and succeed in their own business. With more than 38,000 locations in 100 countries, the SUBWAY? brand ? mostly through its franchisees ? provides more than 400,000 job opportunities worldwide.

For more information about the SUBWAY? chain, visit http://www.subway.com . Find us on Facebook: Facebook.com/subway. Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com/subway. SUBWAY? is a registered trademark of Doctor's Associates Inc.

About Young & Successful Media

Specializing in the next generation workforce, with an emphasis on youth empowerment, engagement, employment and entrepreneurship, Young & Successful Media is a media/education company that works with a wide range of organizations in launching programs, content and campaigns that inspire individuals to shake up their status quo and spring into action. Aside from its strategic consulting practice, the company's flagship digital platform and website http://YSN.com attracts and supports young leaders, entrepreneurs and students from over 160 countries. YSN.com is constructing the first Global Opportunity Marketplace to offer ambitious young people everywhere unprecedented access to create and build their careers anywhere in the world. The Marketplace is collaboration among corporate, philanthropic, public sector, and academic organizations eager to make an impact on the billion young people entering the global workforce.

SOURCE SUBWAY Restaurants

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Source: http://www.franchising.com/news/20130226_subwayreg_restaurants_and_young_amp_successful_med.html

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Town Hall Meeting on Dangers of Sequestration

Combat Veteran and Best-Selling Author Ilario Pantano Leads Town Hall on Impact of Sequestration for North Carolina

WILMINGTON, N.C., Feb. 26, 2013 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- With steep defense reductions scheduled to take effect beginning Friday, March 1, under the process of sequestration, North Carolinians are anxiously wondering: How will the looming federal budget cuts affect U.S. national security?

On Thursday, February 28, Concerned Veterans for America will host a special town hall meeting in Wilmington to discuss the impact of sequestration on North Carolina and on the U.S. military. The meeting will be led our special guest Ilario Pantano, a U.S. Marine combat veteran and best-selling author.

"If America is to maintain her place as a global force, Washington must pursue victory through real spending reform, not lip service," Pantano said. "Our military must be at the ready for current and future threats; and the taxpayers deserve a budget solution that affords them that security while trimming the fat in Washington."?

Pantano also emphasized the importance of reducing the national debt: "While overlooking more than $16 trillion dollars of debt comes easy in Washington, the burden it places upon the taxpayer is not taken lightly," he said.

WHEN: ????	Thursday, February 28, 2013
TIME: ???????	12:00 p.m. ET
WHERE:?????	VFW Post 2573	2722 Carolina Beach Rd, Wilmington, N.C., 28411

Ilario Pantano is a respected combat veteran, and best-selling author who has worked on Wall Street and small business.?Pantano fought in Desert Storm and re-enlisted in the Marines Corps ten years later after witnessing the attacks of 9/11.? He led an infantry platoon of Marines in the first fight for Falluja, Iraq in 2004. Pantano's new book "Revolutionary South: The Liberal War on God, Guns, Guts, and American History" will be released later this year. ?

For more information please contact John Byrnes at 919-526-9489 or via e-mail at jbyrnes@concernedveteransforamerica.org .

Concerned Veterans for America is a non-partisan, non-profit, 501(c)(4) organization that advocates for policies that will preserve the freedom and liberty we and our families so proudly fought and sacrificed to defend.

Contact: John Byrnes | 919-526-9489

SOURCE Concerned Veterans for America

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/town-hall-meeting-dangers-sequestration-210200921.html

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Divisive Debate on Need for More Nuclear Safeguards

[unable to retrieve full-text content]A dispute is developing between the nuclear industry and regulators, and among the regulators themselves, about the necessity of more safeguards at power plants.

Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/27/business/energy-environment/a-divisive-debate-on-need-for-more-nuclear-safeguards.html?partner=rss&emc=rss

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Judge leans toward letting Jackson suit continue

LOS ANGELES (AP) ? A jury should decide whether the promoter of Michael Jackson's final concerts negligently hired and supervised the physician convicted of causing the singer's death, a judge tentatively ruled Monday.

If the ruling stands, it will allow the case by Jackson's mother, Katherine, to go forward and present the theory that concert giant AEG Live controlled the physician who gave the superstar a lethal dose of the anesthetic propofol.

Superior Court Judge Yvette Palazuelos' tentative ruling however eliminates some of Katherine Jackson's claims and an attorney for AEG predicted the company would win at trial.

It is unclear when the ruling will be finalized, or whether the judge will change it. She heard two hours of arguments about the case on Monday but didn't indicate whether her mind had been changed.

AEG attorney Marvin Putnam said he was pleased with the ruling and reiterated his belief that the case should have never been filed.

The case centers on whether AEG did an appropriate investigation of Conrad Murray, a former cardiologist who is serving his sentence after being convicted of the involuntary manslaughter of the pop singer. The case also involves whether AEG controlled him while Jackson prepared for a series of comeback concerts.

Katherine Jackson's attorney, Kevin Boyle, declined comment after the hearing, saying he wanted to see the final order.

He told Palazuelos that AEG created a division of loyalties for Murray between his care of Jackson and maintaining an arrangement that would have paid him $150,000 a month to care for the singer.

Jackson died before Murray's contract was signed, and AEG argues he was not an employee of the company.

"AEG just made this more risky for Michael," Boyle argued Monday.

He said the case was unique and it should proceed intact with claims that AEG is liable for Murray's actions. "This has never happened before, or at least no one's been caught," Boyle said.

Putnam argued that by the time it was negotiating Murray's contract to treat Jackson while performing a series of London concerts, the doctor had already been treating the singer for some time, had relocated from Las Vegas to Los Angeles and had ordered large amounts of propofol to help Jackson sleep.

"Sadly, it appears that Michael Jackson's death would have occurred anyway," Putnam said after the hearing.

Katherine Jackson sued in September 2010 and a trial has been scheduled for early April.

___

Anthony McCartney can be reached at http://twitter.com/mccartneyAP

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/judge-leans-toward-letting-jackson-suit-continue-202243832.html

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Vote for the Italian Comic!

People gather in Duomo Square in Milan as Five-Star Movement activist and comedian Beppe Grillo speaks on Feb. 19.

Photo by Tony Gentile/Reuters

Today, the fate of the world economy rests with an Italian stand-up comedian. This was not supposed to happen. The center-left Italian Democrats spent the entire campaign with strong leads in the polls. Foreign reporters swooned over ?Operation Ohio,? fresh-scrubbed Italian politicos trained by the Obama campaign taking their new tactics into swing state Lombardy.

Then came Beppe Grillo, a brillo-haired, economics-trained comic with a blog and a 1980 vehicular manslaughter conviction. His Five Star Movement ticket looked completely ridiculous, until it surged into third place. Grillo?s rallies attracted tens of thousands of people, then 100,000. Grillo?s platform called for a living wage and for priests to have children ?so they don?t touch other people?s.? That, added to his aggressive social media campaign?nearly a million followers on Twitter?carved out 25 percent of the vote, denying a majority to the center-left, sending investors into a now-familiar panic, the Dow Jones index falling by 216 points.

Comedian and Five-Star Movement activist Beppe Grillo speaks at a rally in Siena, Italy, on Sunday.

Photo by Stefano Rellandini/Reuters

After all, this is Italy we?re talking about. Political stasis is such a steady part of Italian life that the lede to one Associated Press story??investors worry that Italy could be seized with political paralysis??was an accidental fount of chuckles. What makes Grillo interesting is the way his Five Star Movement was built. The candidate list was assembled in online conventions. Party members clicked the names of three candidates, and those with the most clicks got onto the ballot. That was exactly what the late, unlamented Americans Elect Party tried to do in 2011 and 2012. They spent $35 million and held an online convention, asking real people to pick a bipartisan ticket. A few thousand people voted to nominate Buddy Roemer?and this was after the Republican gadfly actually campaigned for the nomination.

It failed spectacularly for Americans Elect, so why did it work for Grillo? Easy: No matter how much money is shoveled over to ?centrists,? political change doesn?t come from reasonable people. It grows out of mania and cold fury.

?A third party needs some igniting figure,? says Bill Hillsman, who made ads for Jesse Ventura when he was elected governor of Minnesota. ?That was the failure with Americans Elect. Our office actually called Americans Elect at one point and asked, hey, do you need to be a Republican or a Democrat to get nominated? They waited three days. Then they called us and they said, well, if a true independent went on the ticket, the other person would have to be a Democrat or a Republican.?

As it collapsed, Americans Elect launched a quasi-campaign to promote the possible candidacy of David Walker. Here was a pleasant but colorless former U.S. comptroller who banged on constantly about the need for a grand bargain. For some reason, Americans didn?t rush to hoist his banner. ?People are telling you that you have to have austerity, austerity, austerity,? says Hillsman. ?Then the government is doing all this profligate spending and unethical things. This is the dynamic in America: We want to express our dissatisfaction in the most memorable way possible. We want to start throwing TVs out windows.?

There?s a lot of that going around. Italy?s Grillo tantrum is the latest in a series of voter rebellions, in wildly different systems, all in countries where faith in the establishment has collapsed.

In Germany, the libertarian Free Democratic Party, a frequent coalition partner in government, has collapsed to a third of its previous support. The Pirate Party?one of many European parties with that name, and with a left-right platform of guaranteed income and copyright freedom?has surged into the gap.

In Haiti, Western investors largely wanted the ruling Unity Party to take the 2011-12 presidential elections. The winner, after a string of crises, was a dancehall singer named Michel ?Sweet Micky? Martelly, who rose from joke status to become the candidate of anti-government fury.

In Greece, the Golden Dawn party?reconstructed neo-Nazis in a country once terrorized by the Nazis?entered the 2012 elections as a fringe group with a base of 20,000 votes. They ended up with more than 420,000 votes and 18 seats in Parliament.

Anyone trying to find some ideological linkage across the time zones is going to come up empty. That Greek election, which gave a narrow victory to European Union-backed austerity-crats, looks like a miracle compared with the mess in Italy. The only constant: Voters despise their choices and swing for the ?screw it, blow up everything? party over the austerity party.

?I take what happened in Italy as a good sign,? says Kinky Friedman, the country singer/novelist/amateur politician who ran for governor of Texas in 2006. ?I think if Jesus were to run here in Texas as an independent, he wouldn?t do as well as they did.?

In 2006, before the economic crisis, Friedman got around 547,000 votes with a grab bag of issues and a simple slogan: ?Why the hell not?? He?s still inscrutable. Two years ago he endorsed Rick Perry for president; he now says that his ?dying wish is to be cremated, and have the ashes thrown in Rick Perry?s hair.? This is Friedman?s way of saying he?ll probably run for the Democratic nomination this time, campaigning to legalize casinos and marijuana, working inside the party structure to destroy what the parties stand for. The dream of a prefab centrist party has no real constituency. The crazy rejectionist movement has lots of constituencies, all over the planet.

?L'onest? andr? di moda!? tweeted Beppe Grillo as the votes came in. In English: ?Honesty will be fashionable again!?

Source: http://feeds.slate.com/click.phdo?i=540cd35640ba24aea39210987a714afb

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BlackBerry launches the Z10 in India for $800

The BB10-toting BlackBerry Z10 has just been unveiled in India, priced at Rs 43,490 ($800) for an unlocked unit. Coinciding with the announcement, the BlackBerry Music Store has also gone live in the country starting today, offering a mix of local and international music. Support for local languages aside, the app offerings have been given an Indian flavor with the inclusion of country-specific goodies spanning various genres including news, banking, travel, entertainment and lifestyle. The subcontinent is quite important for the company formerly known as RIM, and its devices are still popular in the region, despite taking a beating in market share recently (see coverage), courtesy the BBM service that makes them the go-to smartphones for those hooked on to the instant messaging platform. However, the Z10's sticker price puts it in the same league as the 16GB iPhone 5 and HTC's full-HD Butterfly (both costing roughly $50 more), and it remains to be seen how the price-sensitive Indian market will react to the new entrant.

Filed under: Cellphones, Mobile, Blackberry

Comments

Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/02/25/blackberry-z10-india/

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Great Advice For profitable Internet Marketing ? Social Networking ...

Novice PC users created impressive businesses, and you can too. Read on for some tips to accomplish your Internet marketing goals. hinh sex

Always get feedback. This is often critical in determining your success, as how you perceive things is not always the same as how others see them. Get feedback from anyone you can, friends, family and potential clients. Take any and all feedback to heart, and do not fear making necessary changes.

Create a blog and link it to your website. Fresh information are preferred by search engines, if you lack this in your site, your ranking will go down. Writing a blog can allow you to consistently add fresh content.

You should include a chat section for customers on your website. People will identify with your brand if they can discuss things they enjoy with people who have similar interests. People are naturally drawn to others with shared interests, which makes them highly likely to bond and connect with your business.

Get together a glossary of terms, and publish it on your site if you want to be an authority at what you do. Customers will find these terms helpful and gain a better understanding of your products as a result. People doing a search for those terms will be more likely to come to your website. You will get more traffic and be considered a reference.

When you use email as a regular form of communication with your customers, make sure you change your links on a regular basis. Anything that is the same will only lead to your customers ignoring the information you are trying to present to them. Customers don't like seeing the same thing repeatedly, and it's important to offer variation to keep them engaged.

Successful internet marketing should include video uploads that have the potential to go viral. Make sure the video description includes a link to your site. This will have a tremendous effect on the number of users who visit your site regularly.

It is helpful to have a 500 error page that is user-friendly. When you have a server problem and the visitor cannot access your site, they will be met with a page telling them about the error instead of having to wait minutes for a page that's not going to load. The generic 500 page doesn't tell visitors anything except that they can't reach the page they wanted. There are better ways to let your users know that you are aware and working to fix the problem.

Put "guarantee" in your internet marketing ads if you can. Your customers want to know they will not get ripped off if they purchase your product. The only limit to what you can guarantee is what you decide it to be. You can try a 90 day guarantee or a lifetime guarantee. Select an appropriate guarantee for each product that you sell.

Look at Internet marketing as something fun and not something that is a job or big chore. You may want to turn it into a career if it turns out that you are talented in this area, but when you are just starting out, it should be seen as something fun rather than something that is profitable.

Internet marketing is not as hard to understand as you think. It's an easy field to get into; you can make use of this article's suggestions immediately to start getting the word out to potential customers online. With the growth of technology, putting your business online can help you reach many more people.

Source: http://crew.valkry.com/blog/83488/great-advice-for-profitable-internet-marketing/

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Report: U-M defensive line coach leaving for Oklahoma

Michigan appears to be down a defensive line coach.

Jerry Montgomery, according to a report Saturday on Scout.com, has accepted a job at Oklahoma. He replaces Jackie Shipp, who was fired earlier this month after 14 seasons with the Sooners.

A Michigan athletic department spokesman said U-M does not have a comment on the report. Oklahoma also isn't offering comment, according to the Daily Oklahoman.

Montgomery, an Iowa graduate, has been on Brady Hoke's staff for two seasons.

Source: http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130223/SPORTS0201/302230384/1131/rss17

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HP's Going Android With Its $169 Slate 7 Tablet

The HP Slate 7 is beyond fashionably late to the Android tablet party, but it tries to make up for its tardiness with a very low price. When the device arrives in April, HP's first Google-powered tablet just announced at this year's Mobile World Congress will cost just $169. That's $30 less than the the Nexus 7 and Amazon Kindle Fire HD. So how does this value-priced device stand out? HP is playing up the Slate 7?s Beats Audio sound and wireless printing capabilities. More »

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/WZB317J1xkA/hps-going-android-with-169-slate-7-tablet

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Why doesn?t Washington work? Our leaders are just too human

By CONNIE CASS
February 24, 2013

---

(AP Photo/Evan Vucci, File)

Turns out politicians are people, too, only worse.

Just ask pros who make their living in the trenches of everyday human drama such as divorce, family feuds or schoolyard scraps. They recognize in Washington?s bitter budget standoff a hint of human nature as they know it, but with the crazy pumped up to absurd levels.

?We?re seeing middle school behavior here,? says Barbara Coloroso, who crusades against childhood bullying. Psychologist Piers Steel, an expert on procrastination, says Congress has the worst case of it he?s seen. Divorce attorney Sanford Ain?s assessment is blunter: ?It?s nuts!?

A sampling of conflict-savvy professionals and scholars interviewed by The Associated Press finds dismay that the nation is in political stalemate after two years of showdowns and near-misses for the economy. Not that these they have any easy solutions, either.

Some dream of locking up President Barack Obama and House Speaker John Boehner. R-Ohio, together until the nation?s tax and spending issues are settled.

?That?s my fantasy: To go into a room and tell them what to do, right or wrong, and make them do it,? said Marvin McIntyre, a prominent financial adviser in the District of Columbia who writes political novels on the side.

With lawmakers and the president on the brink of yet another compromise-or-else deadline Friday, the nonpoliticians shared their take on the all-too-human behavior in Washington.

Historian Altina Waller is reminded of the Hatfields and McCoys. Of course, she would be: Waller?s an authority on the deadly 19th century feud.

Despite the myth, the Hatfield-McCoy conflict wasn?t primarily about clan hatred, Waller said, and she doesn?t think today?s acrimony between Republicans and Democrats is fully explained by partisanship or ideology.

The Appalachian feud grew out of economic anxiety as farming declined and logging and coal moved in, she said. These days, Democrats and Republicans worry about the economy and the loss of American jobs and influence to foreign competition, and blame each other.

?Like the Hatfields and McCoys,? Waller said, ?they are personalizing a problem brought about by larger economic forces.?

Coloroso, author of ?The Bully, the Bullied and the Bystander,? sees too many politicians acting like the mean girl who taunts unpopular classmates in the cafeteria.

?Bullying is about contempt for the other person,? Coloroso said. ?Do you see how that fits with some of the people in Congress? Utter contempt, bullying, wanting to bring somebody down. You cannot resolve a major issue like a budget with name-calling, with disdain for the person you?re supposed to be working with.?

Ain says the political fight illustrates something he?s learned in 40 years of striving to keep family law cases amicable: ?If you have extreme views and won?t compromise, you can?t get anything done. It?s going to go to war.?

Yet a sudden switch to civility won?t guarantee that tough decisions get made.

Human brains are wired to put off the unpleasant, says ?The Procrastination Equation? author Steel.

We postpone starting a diet, put off going to the gym, keep meaning to write those thank-you notes. Congress members are masters of this.

?They?re pretty much the worst, hands down, of any group we ever investigated,? said Steel, who has researched procrastination for more than a decade. ?They?re worse than college students.?

What finally gets people moving? A deadline. The paper must be written to pass the class. The house is tidied because company?s coming. The expense report is finished because the boss demands it by 5 p.m.

So it makes sense to set deadlines for solving the nation?s pressing fiscal problems. Only it isn?t working.

Congress and the White House have lurched from the brink of default or government shutdown or ?fiscal cliff? to the next potentially disastrous deadline, this time automatic budget cuts known as the ?sequester.? They?ve only achieved temporary fixes without resolving the big disagreements over the deficit, taxes and Medicare and Social Security spending. Obama calls it ?drifting from one manufactured crisis to the next.?

Why aren?t the deadlines working?

Pushing the limits isn?t always procrastination; sometimes it?s strategy.

Negotiation expert Robert Mnookin points to labor disputes resolved just before the strike deadline and lawsuits settled on the courthouse steps on the eve of trial. Bargainers tend to play ?chicken? like two drivers speeding toward each other in hopes the other will swerve first.

?It?s often believed that you won?t be able to extract the very best concession from the other side unless you are on the brink of something that?s very bad,? said Mnookin, chairman of Harvard?s Program on Negotiation and author of ?Bargaining with the Devil.?

Both the Republicans and Democrats have die-hards pushing to keep charging ahead.

?It?s a hugely dangerous game to play,? Mnookin warns, ?because people aren?t always rational in their behavior.?

What happens if Democrats and Republicans collide head-on this time? Some $85 billion in automatic federal budget cuts over the next seven months, with more in following years.

Obama says that would weaken the military, disrupt programs Americans rely on, eliminate jobs and weaken the economy. Boehner calls it ?an ugly and dangerous way? to reduce spending. These cuts were designed to be so distasteful that politicians would agree on more rational budget-cutting to stop them.

But there?s another way out. Lawmakers and Obama could agree to block the cuts, before or after they kick in, and once again postpone making big fiscal decisions that might cost some of them re-election.

That?s a problem with artificial deadlines: They?re hard to enforce.

Economist Christopher Kingston, whose research ranges from 19th century dueling to modern game theory, says what lawmakers need is a strong ?commitment device.? He cites the story of William the Conqueror burning his ships after his invading army landed in England, ensuring his soldiers couldn?t retreat.

A less reliable commitment device: A shopaholic cutting up his credit cards. That works unless he gets new ones and start running up debt again.

?It?s really hard to create a commitment device artificially, particularly if you don?t have an external power that?s going to enforce it,? said Kingston, an associate professor at Amherst College.

Congress and the president have no judge, no referee, no board of directors. Washington won?t hear from the voters again for two years, and even then the message may be unclear.

With human nature against them, how can politicians escape gridlock?

A few tips from the pros:

?Shock them with kindness. ?Try to do something unexpectedly nice for the other side,? advises Ain, and your surprised opponent may reciprocate.

?Avoid the ?zero-sum? trap. Just because something is good for one side doesn?t mean it?s bad for the other. ?There are all kinds of deals that the president and the Congress could make that would be better for the economy and the nation as a whole and in that sense would benefit them all,? Mnookin says.

?Get a mediator. Maybe the special 2011 deficit committee could have reached agreement with the help of a trusted outsider. It?s worth a try, Ain says, because ?that works in major litigation and all sorts of situations.?

?Shame the bullies. If politicians denounced their fellow party members who display contempt for the other side, Coloroso says, it would squelch the mocking tone.

America?s citizens also are mostly silent bystanders right now, the author said.

?What are we going to do about it?? she asked. ?Do we just stand by and shrug our shoulders??

___

Follow Connie Cass on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/ConnieCass
___

Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2013 Capitol Hill Blue

Posted by The Associated Press on February 24, 2013. Filed under Featured,News. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0. You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.

Source: http://www.capitolhillblue.com/node/46560

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Obama attends youngest daughter's dance recital

WASHINGTON (AP) ? President Barack Obama is attending his youngest daughter's dance recital at an arts center in suburban Maryland.

A White House official says 11-year-old Sasha Obama's recital is being performed Saturday evening at the Music Center at Strathmore.

Located in North Bethesda, Md., about a half-mile outside the capital beltway, Strathmore is a nonprofit arts center that hosts events and classes.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/89ae8247abe8493fae24405546e9a1aa/Article_2013-02-23-US-Obama/id-8795bb6e4da242999baeb7395d979dc6

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HTC brings Dashwire back, focuses on setting up new Android smartphones

When HTC dissolved Dashwire's original service just months after acquisition, many wrote off the smaller company; it all but disappeared from the limelight, even with its early cloud sync service still in action. Rather than relegate Dashwire to the oblivion traditionally associated with takeovers, though, HTC is staging a comeback. It's relaunching Dashwire to help carriers get customers up and running on a new smartphone, including contacts and a customized look. Details are short, but the revived service won't be HTC-exclusive: Dashwire will support "leading" Android device makers. While the company's return to form will depend on successful sales pitches at Mobile World Congress, it at least stands a chance of being more than just a footnote.

Filed under: Cellphones, Wireless, Mobile, HTC

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Source: Dashwire

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Flipping the 'off' switch on cell growth: Protein uses multiple means to help cells cope when oxygen runs low

Feb. 22, 2013 ? A protein known for turning on genes to help cells survive low-oxygen conditions also slows down the copying of new DNA strands, thus shutting down the growth of new cells, Johns Hopkins researchers report. Their discovery has wide-ranging implications, they say, given the importance of this copying -- known as DNA replication -- and new cell growth to many of the body's functions and in such diseases as cancer.

"We've long known that this protein, HIF-1?, can switch hundreds of genes on or off in response to low oxygen conditions," says Gregg Semenza, M.D., Ph.D., a molecular biologist who led the research team and has long studied the role of low-oxygen conditions in cancer, lung disease and heart disorders. "We've now learned that HIF-1? is even more versatile than we thought, as it can work directly to stop new cells from forming." A report on the discovery appears in the Feb. 12 issue of Science Signaling.

With his team, Semenza, who is the C. Michael Armstrong Professor of Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine's Institute for Cell Engineering and Institute for Genomic Medicine, discovered HIF-1? in the 1990s and has studied it ever since, pinpointing a multitude of genes in different types of cells that have their activity ramped up or down by the activated protein. These changes in so-called "gene expression" help cells survive when oxygen-rich blood flow to an area slows or stops temporarily; they also allow tumors to build new blood vessels to feed themselves.

To learn how HIF-1?'s own activity is controlled, the team looked for proteins from human cells that would attach to HIF-1?. They found two, MCM3 and MCM7, that limited HIF-1?'s activity, and were also part of the DNA replication machinery. Those results were reported in 2011.

In the new research, Semenza and his colleagues further probed HIF-1?'s relationship to DNA replication by comparing cells in low-oxygen conditions to cells kept under normal conditions. They measured the amount of DNA replication complexes in the cells, as well as how active the complexes were. The cells kept in low-oxygen conditions, which had stopped dividing, had just as much of the DNA replication machinery as the normal dividing cells, the researchers found; the difference was that the machinery wasn't working. It turned out that in the nondividing cells, HIF-1? was binding to a protein that loads the DNA replication complex onto DNA strands, and preventing the complex from being activated.

"Our experiments answered the long-standing question of how, exactly, cells stop dividing in response to low oxygen," says Maimon Hubbi, Ph.D., a member of Semenza's team who is now working toward an M.D. degree. "It also shows us that the relationship between HIF-1? and the DNA replication complex is reciprocal -- that is, each can shut the other down."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Johns Hopkins Medicine, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. M. E. Hubbi, Kshitiz, D. M. Gilkes, S. Rey, C. C. Wong, W. Luo, D.-H. Kim, C. V. Dang, A. Levchenko, G. L. Semenza. A Nontranscriptional Role for HIF-1? as a Direct Inhibitor of DNA Replication. Science Signaling, 2013; 6 (262): ra10 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003417

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/XQflXj1NWK4/130223111517.htm

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The Daily Roundup for 02.18.2013

You might say the day is never really done in consumer technology news. Your workday, however, hopefully draws to a close at some point. This is the Daily Roundup on Engadget, a quick peek back at the top headlines for the past 24 hours -- all handpicked by the editors here at the site. Click on through the break, and enjoy.

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Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/02/18/the-daily-roundup-for-02-18-2013/

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Former Sheboygan Mayor Ryan reaches plea deal in sex assault case

SHEBOYGAN - Lawyers have reached a plea deal in the sexual assault case involving former Sheboygan Mayor Bob Ryan.TODAY'S TMJ4's Cody Holyoke reports that he has pleaded guilty to two disorderly conduct charges.The charges came in connection with the same 2011 drinking binge in Elkhart Lake, Wis. that triggered an historic recall election.Ryan lost that election.The trial was supposed to start Wednesday.Attorneys were to announce terms of the plea deal on Monday afternoon.Check back for more information on this breaking story as details come in to us.Click here for the archive of news regarding Sheboygan Mayor Bob Ryan.

Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/id/50848676/ns/local_news-milwaukee_wi/

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Texas Moves More Than 100,000 State Workers to Microsoft Cloud

More than 100,000 workers in Texas will be moved to the cloud in one of the largest cloud deployments in state government, Microsoft announced Feb. 15.

The contract, which will give state workers access to Office 365, will provide compliance with the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) and federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) security standards.

This ability to meet stringent security standards was one of the main reasons Texas chose Microsoft as a vendor over its competitors, said Todd Kimbriel, director of e-government for the Texas Department of Information Resources.

?One element in the public sector here in Texas that everyone holds in the highest regard is that we have to protect the information of the citizens,? he said, adding that CJIS security standards in particular provide an unmatched level of security.

?Anybody that's going to touch a computer system, server or mainframe where data exists has to go through an FBI background check,? he said. That means every administrator who has access to cloud data must first be vetted by the federal government.

Though this is the first contract in which Microsoft is providing CJIS compliance, the company's competitors like Amazon, for instance, could not have provided the state with that level of security, Kimbriel said.

Texas looked at all the major cloud vendors, he said, and while they liked the culture of innovation marketed by Google, Microsoft had a longer tradition of providing enterprise support that made them feel more comfortable. In addition, the cloud contract is a continuation of the state's past relationship with Microsoft, as many Texas agencies began using Microsoft Exchange five years ago.

But the contract wasn't just a matter of security and building on an old relationship, Kimbriel said -- it will also save the state money.

?We're paying about a 75 percent discount now compared to what we were paying a competitor four years ago,? he said.

The state initially plans to move about 110,000 employees onto Office 365 at a cost of about $3.50 per user, per month, or $4.60 annually. ?And that's just the beginning,? Kimbriel said. ?We're looking to expand that. I think several hundred thousand total employees is the ultimate employee count for the state.?

Eventually, he said, they would like to move all employees onto the Microsoft cloud, but the initial move of 110,000 will occur over the next three to four months.

?For us I think it's all about shared infrastructure,??Kimbriel?said. ?It's about trying to do license agreements and enterprise strategies. This is an optimized approach, he said, versus having 125 separate agencies trying to buy a product or a service. "Instead, do deals and use technology that will allow us to leverage collective buying power of the entire state.?

Though this is Microsoft's first CJIS-compliant deployment, it has fulfilled contracts with Chicago, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Federal Aviation Administration, Minnesota, California and New York.

?One of the big things that government customers have to think about when moving to the cloud are areas around specific security and privacy laws, or regulations or policies that these customers ultimately have to comply with,? said Michael Donlan, Microsoft's vice president of U.S. state and local government affairs.??As you see a lot of government customers move to cloud, they're recognizing the importance of utilizing new technologies and choosing vendor that focuses heavily on the security and privacy aspects.?

Image courtesy of Shutterstock

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/govtech/top_news/~3/uuLUURQ7y0E/Texas-Moves-100000-to-Microsoft-Cloud.html

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BMW recall: 570,000 cars have faulty connector

BMW recalls 1-Series, 3-Series, and Z4 late-model cars in US and Canada for faulty battery cable connector. Vehicles can lose electrical power unexpectedly, causing engine stall.?

By Associated Press / February 16, 2013

A BMW logo is cleaned in Munich, Germany. A new BMW recall involves nearly 570,000 1-Series, 3-Series, and Z4 late-model cars to fix a battery cable connector.

Joerg Koch/dapd/AP/File

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BMW?is recalling almost 570,000 cars in the U.S. and Canada because a battery cable connector can fail and cause the engines to stall.

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The recall affects popular 3-Series sedans, wagons, convertibles and coupes from the 2007 through 2011 model years. Also included are 1-Series coupes and convertibles from 2008 through 2012, and the Z4 sports car from 2009 through 2011.

The cable connectors and a fuse box terminal in the cars can degrade over time, and that can break the electrical connection between the trunk-mounted battery and the fuse box at the front. If that happens, the cars could lose electrical power, causing the engines to stall unexpectedly, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration said in documents posted on its website Saturday.

The company says in documents sent to NHTSA that the problem stems from movement between the battery cable and the fuse box.

Wedding Songs Make Old Lovers Nostalgic

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Halo creators unveil 'Destiny,' an MMO-like first-person-shooter for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3

When Halo creator Bungie managed to steal away from Microsoft back in 2007, Master Chief's forefathers were afforded a few years to go dark and head down on a brand new gaming universe. Today, Bungie and its new benefactor, Activision, revealed that new franchise as "Destiny," an online-required persistent world first-person shooter. Even though the game's not due out this year, Bungie says it's headed to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, with no mention of next-gen.

The online requirement extends to both single-player and multiplayer campaigns -- your character's achievements remain persistent, and your avatar will seamlessly populate friends' games (rather than futzing with menus and the like), allowing for on-the-fly pairings. Bungie's shying away from outright referring to Destiny as an MMO, a la World of Warcraft. "[The] amount of players you see is design controlled. It's not about stuffing as many people in there as possible," Bungie COO Pete Parsons told our sister site, Joystiq. Of course, with next-gen sounding online connectivity, Bungie's silence on next-gen consoles is little more than a temporary vow -- Destiny seems a lock for (at very least) Sony and Microsoft's next consoles, if not also the PC (Wii U's looking unlikely).

Hard details on Destiny are a bit scarce at the moment -- when it launches, if it's part of a series, how exactly the game will work -- but we've dropped concept art below and a debut video just beyond the break. The video goes into a bit more detail on the universe, and briefly touches on the smartphone tie-in that Destiny will have (think Halo Waypoint), but for a more exhaustive approach to Destiny's debut, Joystiq's got you covered.

Gallery: Destiny (concept art)

Filed under: Gaming, Software, HD

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Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/02/17/bungie-reveals-destiny/

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Washington boys put Mid-Illini title under wraps

The first surge of the second half for Washington didn?t stick. The second one did in a 53-47 victory at Limestone in Mid-Illini boys basketball on Friday.

Washington (25-1, 12-0) clinched the conference title outright and completed the road portion of its league schedule. The Class 3A No. 3-ranked Panthers will take a 14-game win streak into Saturday against visiting Metamora. Canton visits Washington next Friday.

?If you can go unbeaten on the road in this conference that gives you a real opportunity,? Washington coach Kevin Brown said. ?This is a tough place to play and? against a very good team. It was a full house and a lot of emotion. It was like the postseason started early.?

Trailing 38-37 after three quarters, Limestone (17-9, 7-5) opened the fourth with a basket from Terence Shelby and a fastbreak layup from David Anderson to lead 41-38.

Washington got two jumpers from Casey Danley and a putback basket from Alec Peters as part of a 13-2 surge for Washington.

Limestone got as close as 51-47 on a steal and layup by Lorenzo Burns. The Rockets went without a basket over a five-minute stretch midway through the fourth.

?I?m proud of the way our kids battled against a quality, veteran team,? Limestone coach Eddie Mathews said. ?We just need to get six or seven points better.?

Peters had game highs of 21 points and 15 rebounds. The Valpariaso recruit had three baskets, including one on a two-handed dunk, as part of a surge that put Washington up 37-27 in the third.

Limestone junior reserve Nick Page sank two 3s to help the Rockets close the frame on a 10-1 burst.

Page was 3-for-3 on 3s. He and Shelby each scored 11 for Limestone, which got no points and three assists from scoring leader Hank Mathews, who fouled out in the fourth.

?Nick came in and hit some big shots when we needed them,? Eddie Mathews said.

Tucker Harlan sank six of nine shots and scored 13 for Washington. Danley, a junior guard, scored nine in his season debut. He had been sidelined following shoulder surgery in the fall.

?I didn?t plan on using him that much but we got into some foul trouble in the first half and he gave us a huge lift,? Brown said.

Burns scored 10? for Limestone.

Washington and Morton were Mid-Illini co-champions in 2011-12.

Lonnie Schwindenhammer can be reached at 686-3214 or lschwindenhammer@pjstar.com.
?

Source: http://www.pjstar.com/sports/preps/x1037512177/Washington-boys-put-Mid-Illini-title-under-wraps

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Why cells stick: Phenomenon extends longevity of bonds between cells

Friday, February 15, 2013

Research carried out by scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology and The University of Manchester has revealed new insights into how cells stick to each other and to other bodily structures, an essential function in the formation of tissue structures and organs. It's thought that abnormalities in their ability to do so play an important role in a broad range of disorders, including cardiovascular disease and cancer.

The study's findings are outlined in the journal Molecular Cell and describe a surprising new aspect of cell adhesion involving the family of cell adhesion molecules known as integrins, which are found on the surfaces of most cells. The research uncovered a phenomenon termed "cyclic mechanical reinforcement," in which the length of time during which bonds exist is extended with repeated pulling and release between the integrins and ligands that are part of the extracellular matrix to which the cells attach.

Professor Martin Humphries, dean of the faculty of life sciences at the University of Manchester and one of the paper's co-authors, says the study suggests some new capabilities for cells: "This paper identifies a new kind of bond that is strengthened by cyclical applications of force, and which appears to be mediated by complex shape changes in integrin receptors. The findings also shed light on a possible mechanism used by cells to sense extracellular topography and to aggregate information through 'remembering' multiple interaction events."

The cyclic mechanical reinforcement allows force to prolong the lifetimes of bonds, demonstrating a mechanical regulation of receptor-ligand interactions and identifying a molecular mechanism for strengthening cell adhesion through cyclical forces.

"Many cell functions such as differentiation, growth and the expression of particular genes depend on cell interaction with the ligands of the intracellular matrix," said Cheng Zhu, a professor in the Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University and the study's corresponding author. "The cells respond to their environment, which includes many mechanical aspects. This study has extended our understanding of how connections are made and how mechanical forces regulate interactions."

The research was published online by the journal on February 14th. The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Wellcome Trust.

Cells of the body regulate adhesion in response to both internally- and externally-applied forces. This is particularly important to adhesion mediated by proteins such as integrins that connect the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton ? and provide cells with both mechanical anchorages and the means to initiate signaling.

Using delicate force measuring equipment, researchers in Zhu's lab and the laboratory of Andres Garcia ? a professor in the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Tech ? collaborated to study adhesion between integrin and fibronectin, a protein component of the extracellular matrix. What they found was that cyclic forces applied to the bond switch it from a short lived state ? with lifetimes of about one second ? to a long-lived state that can exist for more than a hundred seconds.

"Force can be very important in biology," said Zhu. "Force has direction, magnitude and duration, so in describing its effects on biological systems, you have to use a more complete language."

Zhu, Garcia and Georgia Tech graduate students Fang Kong, William Parks and David Dumbauld ? along with postdoctoral fellow Zenhai Li ? used two different mechanical techniques to study the strength of bonds between integrin and fibronectin. One technique measured the bond strengths in purified molecules, while the other studied the effects of them in their native cellular environment.

"We have very precise force transducers that allow us to measure force on the scale of pico-newtons," said Zhu. "We prepare the samples in such a way that we engage only one bond, then we control the application of force and observe what happens."

The researchers first used an atomic force microscope to bring the integrin molecule together with the fibronectin, then separate the two. Instruments measured the pico-newton forces required to separate the molecules, and found that the duration of the bonds increased with the repetition of the contacts.

The second technique, known as BFP, involved the use of a fibronectin-bearing glass bead attached to a red blood cell aspirated by a micropipette. Integrin expressed on the micropipette-aspirated cell was pressed into the bead, then pulled away over repeated cycles. Lifetime measurement confirmed that repeated pulling increased the longevity of the bonds.

The researchers studied two integrins, part of a family of 24 related molecules that operate in humans. In future work, they hope to determine whether or not the cyclic mechanical reinforcement they observed is a universal property of many cellular adhesion molecules.

The researchers also hope to explore how cells use this cyclic mechanical reinforcement. Because many disease processes result from abnormal cellular adhesion mechanisms, a better understanding could provide insights into how cardiovascular disease, cancer and immune system disorders operate.

"The findings of the paper have deep implications for our understanding of force-regulated signaling," added Humphries. "There is abundant biological evidence for profound effects of extracellular tensility and elasticity in controlling processes such as cancer cell proliferation and stem cell differentiation, but the mechanisms whereby this information is transduced across the outer cell membrane are unclear."

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Georgia Institute of Technology: http://www.gatech.edu

Thanks to Georgia Institute of Technology for this article.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/126851/Why_cells_stick__Phenomenon_extends_longevity_of_bonds_between_cells

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